western leaders perspective on the white man's burden

Vignette-style graphics placed an array of smaller scenes around the central image. Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. Christian missionaries often led the way, followed by politicians, troops, andbringing up the rearbusinessmen. Pro-imperialist cartoons often depicted the West as literally shining the light of civilization and progress on barbaric peoples. Each of the three major turn-of-the-century wars left a trail of contention in the visual record. Imperial and Anti-Imperial Constructions of Civilisation: Engagements with Pre-Modern Pasts.Geopolitics, Vol. Shortly after Kiplingspoemappeared, the consistently anti-imperialist Life fired back with a decidedly different view of the white mans burden on its March 16, 1899 cover: a cartoon that showed the foreign powers riding on the backs of their colonial subjects. Source: Beinecke Rare Books & Manuscripts, Yale University, A white, feminine personification of Civilization (written on her cloak) radiates light over the aged figure of China (written on his hem) running away and shielding himself with a parasol. Looming just ahead for the two Anglo nations were turbulence and intervention in such widely dispersed places as Samoa, China, and Africa. By not waiting for their consent she has greatly advanced the worlds civilization. Invading foreign lands was a relatively new experience for the U.S. A 1901 Puck cover, Misery Loves Company, depicts John Bull and Uncle Sam mired in colonial wars at a steep price: Boer War 16,000,000 yearly and Philippine War $80,000,000 yearly. Anti-imperialist movements targeted the human rights violations in both the Philippines and Transvaal in their protests. American ships for American commerce!!. Confucius, Missionary banner (Allied forces flags): Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you do ye even so to them. Gambone described the portraits as, a testament to the weakness of McKinley, the overarching power of Hanna, and the Trust interests that supported expansion of American business into the Pacific.. From the Cape to Cairo. '. All are erstwhile British soldiers. World powers competing for spheres of influence within her borders had grown ever bolder in their demands as the Qing rulers appeared increasingly weak. Uncle Sam and President McKinley countered the assault under another American flag on which was inscribed Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness under treaty rights. The cartoon caption reflected Americas self-image as a reluctant civilizer: Is This Imperialism? 167-165, The American Peace Society, Boston, (December, 1989). In the United States, the most famous counter-voice to Kipling and his white mans burden rhetoric was the writer Mark Twain. It is just to use every legitimate means for the enlargement of American trade; but we seek no advantages in the Orient which are not common to all. The U.S. policy of benevolent neutrality supported Britain in the Boer War with large war loans, exports of military supplies, and diplomatic assistance for British POWs. Kipling was a white supremascist and wrote The White Mans Burden urging the United States to take up the burden of civilizing savage peoples alongside other European powers. Bickers, Robert A. and R. G. Tiedemann. Source:The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum. An Italian cartoonist who drew William II as a modern Attila beheading Chinese foes was likely inspired by his Hun speech to German soldiers shipping out to fight in the Boxer Uprising in China, delivered on July 27, 1900, in which he called for total war: Should you encounter the enemy, he will be defeated! From 1899 to 1902, the U.S. and Great Britain each became mired in colonial wars that were more vicious and long-lasting than expected. Imperialism was not only economic and political, but also cultural. The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study(London, New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003). Their diverse identities, however, reflect the global reach and ethnic diversity of the British empireand the extent to which England relied on colonial subjects to fight its imperialist wars. Vaughan, Christopher. Regarding the Philippines in particular, he continues: without any desire or design on our part, the war has brought us new duties and responsibilities which we must meet and discharge as becomes a great nation on whose growth and career from the beginning the ruler of nations has plainly written the high command and pledge of civilization. Source:Library of Congress, This rueful cartoon places Confucius and Jesus side-by-side and laments the failure of all parties to practice what they preach. How such uncivilized behavior fit the rhetoric of the civilizing mission is the subject of theLifecartoon, A Red-Letter Day. Against a backdrop of distant flames, a Filipino mansympathetically drawn as tall, handsome, and heroic in contrast to the usual caricature of a tiny, expressionless savage in a grass skirtis questioned by a clergyman. At the same time, the distinction the artist draws between Britains burden and Americas is striking. In all likelihood, it was an internal malfunction, but many Americans blamed the Spanish and rallied behind the slogan Remember theMaine, to Hell with Spain. The United States declared war on Spain on April 20, and the fury kindled by the sinking of theMainewas appeased by a great U.S. naval victory on the other side of the world two and a half months later. 1898 poster promotes the U.S.-British rapprochement as A Union in the Interest of Humanity Civilization, Freedom and Peace for All Time. Multiple representations symbolize the two Anglo nations: national symbols (the eagle and lion); flags (the Stars and Stripes and Union Jack); female personifications (Columbia and Britannia); male personifications (Uncle Sam and John Bull); and national coats of arms (eagle and shield for America; lion, unicorn, crown, and shield for Great Britain). An Atlantic Triangle in the 1900s: Theodore Roosevelts special relationships with France and Britain.Journal of Transatlantic Studies,Vol. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, U.S. President William McKinley is depicted as a preacher standing on a dead Filipino, grinding his heel into the mans face. Weber, Mark. Source:Bibliothque nationale de France, In this cartoon from the French special issue on concentration camps in the Boer War, a gaunt Britannia is the only living creature in a vast graveyard for dead British soldiers. Colossal goddess figures and other national symbols were overwritten with the message on their clothing and the flags they carried. The image is ironically paired with a quote attributed to an Official Report to the War Office that says iron railing through which an electric current runs makes the healthiest and safest fences., Les Progrs de la Science (The Advances of Science). Get started today before this once in a lifetime opportunity expires. The U.S. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they can govern themselves.. Commodore Deweys victory in Manila Bay in May not only paved the way for U.S. conquest of the Philippines, but also provided a valuable naval base for U.S. fleets in the Pacific. Do those benighted wretches fail to realize what we have accomplished in their islands? President McKinley at the Conference of Foreign Missions. The fallen man clasps the flag of the Philippine independence movement, inscribed with the words Give Us Liberty. His hat quotes the most famous phrase in the U.S. Mother countries would often build schools, railroads, and improved communication, along with new medicines and treatments. The U.S. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they can govern themselves. Veneration of Britains treatment of colonies as a positive model attests to the significant shift in the American world view given U.S. origins in relation to the mother country. (The exception would be Manchuria, alternating between Russian and Japanese control in the coming years.) Declaration of Independence:Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.. AHistory of American Magazines. 11, Issue 40, No. In contradiction to the western white mans burden narrative, both Bush and Blair presided over torture programs victimising Muslim people-of-colour. But by the 1890s, emerging industrial powerhouses like the U.S. and Germany reduced Britains industrial dominance. United We Stand for Civilization and Peace: the Anglo-Saxon Globe. TexasandU.S.S. In often searing graphics, they challenged the complacent propagandists for Western expansion by addressing (and illustrating) a devastating question about the savage wars of peace. Kipling positively represents colonial imperialism as the moral burden of the white race, who are divinely destined to civilise the brutish, non-white Other who inhabits the barbarous parts of the world; to wit, the seventh and eighth lines of the first stanza misrepresent the Filipinos as new-caught, sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child. The noble rhetoric that buttressed overseas expansion, as Twain presented it, was largely for Home Consumption, and stood in sharp contrast to the Actual Thing that the Customer Sitting in Darkness buys with his blood and tears and land and liberty. Where the Philippine temptation in particular was concerned, he cited press reports of atrocities by American troops. Appelbaum, Stanley. Lucky Filipinos: the Philippine-American War. Seated around them (left to right) are a feminized Russia, Turkey, Italy, Austria, Spain, and France. The cause of the explosion is still undetermined. Matthews, Roy T. Britannia and John Bull: From Birth to Maturity.The Historian,Vol. Kipling was a white supremascist and wrote The White Mans Burden urging the United States to take up the burden of civilizing savage peoples alongside other European powers. Je lai fait relguer sous bonne escorte. Source:The Ohio State University Cartoon Research Library. Europeans often held racist ideas of their own superiority to those in foreign lands. 2 vols. The turn-of-the-century visual record tells us otherwise. Most viewers will probably agree that there is nothing really comparable in the contemporary world of political cartooning to the drafting skill and flamboyance of these single-panel graphics, which appeared in such popular periodicals as Puck and Judge. Lifepublished many graphics that showed the humanitarian costs inflicted by war and political aggressiondespoliation, looting, concentration camps, torture, and genocideoften awkwardly interspersed amongst humorous sketches and domestic scenes. A laughing missionary in the lead, blood-soaked soldiers of the Allied forces tread on the bodies of women and children while carrying severed heads on a pike. (In the 1900 elections, Bryan ran on an anti-imperialist platform and was again defeated by McKinley.) The link between U.S. conquest of the Philippines and the lure of the China market was widely acknowledged at the time, and no one rendered this more vividly, concisely, and admiringly than the cartoonist Emil Flohri. In a run of 13 lithographs published in the July 4, 1900 issue of the French periodicalLAssiette au Beurre, the cartoonist Ren Georges Hermann-Paul was especially incisive in calling attention to this grim reality. Our Civilized Heathen asks what is civilized and who are the heathen. 27-1-09 (July 6, 2009). China in Convulsion. Their uniforms are oddly reminiscent of the Revolutionary War that had seen them as bitter adversaries a little more than a century earlier. In this 1898 cartoon, Britannia (Great Britain) welcomes Columbia (the United States) as an estranged daughter and new imperialist partner. TheLifecartoon takes a different view of the barbarism in these events, focussing on Allied brutality against the Chinese. Violence in the Name of Peace and Civilization. To maintain its position in the international balance of power, Britain needed allies. Under the American flag, patriotic words end with a question mark: Tis the Star-Spangled Banner, Oh! Women and children were included among the Boer prisoners of the British. The more popular studies however have largely focused on the following four leadership perspectives: 1. All of the hastily organized camps, for whites and blacks alike, had inadequate accommodations, wretched sanitation, and unreliable food supplies, leading to tens of thousands of deaths from disease and starvation. Progress was promoted as an unassailable value that would bring the worlds barbarians into modern times for their own good and the good of global commerce. The material on this site is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving it for research and educational purposes. The Manila Correspondent and the McKinley Censorship. George Benjamin Luts,The Verdict, August 21, 1899. The image exhibits a racist hierarchy that places a dominant white American male in the center, and on the fringes, an African-American washing the windows and Native-American reading a primer upside down. Ships for American commerce a speciality., Right: Uncle Sam proudly displays his new steamship and a sign that reads, Uncle Sam the ship builder re-established with great success in 1893. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University. The wall sign overhead reads: The Confederate States refused their consent to be governed; but the Union was preserved without their consent. The class holds schoolbooks labeled Alaska, Texas, Arizona, California, New Mexico. Blackboard text: The consent of the governed is a good thing in theory, but very rare in fact. On May 1a month before the celebratory second magazine cover reproduced here was publishedCommodore George Dewey destroyed a Spanish fleet in Manila Bay in the Philippines. Having purchased the Philippines from Spain per the Treaty of Paris for $20 million, the Americans then had to fight Filipino resisters to benevolent assimilation. The Philippine-American War dragged on with a large number of Filipino fatalities, shocking Americans unused to foreign wars. 202-212 (September 2010). On the left, Minerva, goddess of wisdom and Western civilization, witnesses the debut. A Rival Who Has Come to Stay: Naval Power. Feng, Yongping, The Peaceful Transition of Power from the UK to the US.ChineseJournal of International Politics1 (1) pp. And the third was the anti-foreign Boxer Uprising in China in 18991901, which led to military intervention by no less than eight foreign nations including not only Tsarist Russia and the Western powers, but also Japan. In May 1900, for example, artist William Bengough scathingly debunked a speech by President McKinleyonce again justifying the U.S. actions in taking of the Philippines by forceby depicting him as a parson standing on the face of a dead Filipino. The second was the U.S. conquest and occupation of the Philippines that began in 1899. Source:Wikimedia. Prisoners will not be taken! Take up the White Mans burden Ye dare not stoop to less Nor call The silent, sullen peoples Shall weigh your Gods and you. Analysis The men selected for the task must do it efficiently. Tough the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut. Udo Keppler,Puck, December 10, 1902. As the disturbance escalated, so did news coverage around the world. The small print under this graphic quoted these lines from McKinleys speech: Teaching them the truth of the common fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man, and showing that if we are not our brothers keepers we can be our brothers helpers., William! Wrapped in Kerosene-Soaked Cotton and Roasted to Death., In this same horrified mode, the July 28 cover ofHarpers Weeklya publication that carried the subtitle A Journal of Civilizationdepicted demonic Boxers brandishing primitive weapons, carrying severed heads on pikes, and trampling a child wrapped in the American flag. Esherick, Joseph. It was written in support of Americas attempt to annex the Philippines. He says, Take up the White Mans burden, Send forth the best ye breed Three savage turn-of-the-century conflicts defined the milieu in which such rhetoric flourished: the Anglo-Boer War of 18991902 in South Africa; the U.S. conquest and occupation of the Philippines initiated in 1899; and the anti-foreign Boxer Uprising in China that provoked intervention by eight foreign nations in 1900. The famous American writer Mark Twain, for example, wrote a response, "To the Person Sitting in Darkness" that was critical of imperialism and mocked those who thought they were more enlightened than the indigenous people of these areas. The U.S. follows Britains imperial lead carrying people from Barbarism at the base of the hill to Civilization at its summit. The president of the First Philippine Republic, Emilio Aguinaldo, is portrayed as a barefoot savage, wild hair escaping from a dunce cap. Gambone, Robert L.Life on the Press The Popular Art and Illustrations of GeorgeBenjamin Luks(Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2009). Embracing Technologies of Domination: The Rise of Popular Imperialism in the U.S., 1898-1904. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Dresden International Congress Centre, Dresden, Germany, Jun 16, 2006. Initially, the camps were conceived as shelters for women and children war refugees. 301-314 (2010). Colonial success is equated with chivalry and invincibility.. Think It Over. No quarter will be given! Whoever falls into your hands is forfeited. ), Is This Imperialism?: the Boxer Uprising. The Poet, the President & The White Mans Burden Rudyard Kiplings poem that begins with the line Take up the White Mans burden was published in the United States in the February, GlobalResearch Center for Research on Globalization. Probably the oldest perspective on Revell, 1904). Brandishing the flag of Civilization, Britannia leads white troops and settlers against native forces under the banner of Barbarism.. The cartoonist targets capitalists as the true power behind the policies and practices in the Pacific, with a portrait of businessman Marcus Hannaa dollar sign elongating his earthat dwarfs a portrait of President William McKinley. At the same time, Britain was fighting the Anglo-Boer War in South Africa. In a strikingJudgegraphic, an Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade lights a pathway through the darkness, leading with a gun and the message: Force if Necessary. Overladen with manufactured goods and modern technology, the vehicle is driven by a resolute Uncle Sam. Cartoonist Victor Gillam turns the tables on American missionary zeal and moral imperative to save the heathen by showing how the Chinese might view the foreign devils in vignettes of ignorance, racism, and extreme violence in the United States. In the centerfold of the August 16, 1899 issue of Puck, the not-so-cynical Keppler extended his feminization of global power politics to other great nations including a new arrival on the scene: Japan. Foreign buildings and churches were torched and the Beijing-Tianjin railway and telegraph lines were dismantled, cutting communication with the capital. The War Prayer begins with a preacher praising the nations just and holy war, and leading his congregation in praying for victory. Christian missionaries, their Chinese converts, and eventually all foreigners were blamed for the troubles and attacked by Boxer bands of disenfranchised young men. Although protested by some commanders, no single approach prevailed among these competitive armies thrown together in a loose coalition. The screen in the cartoon may refer to the early films that fed public fascination with China and the Boxer crisis, including Edisons recreation of the Bombardment of Taku Forts by the Allied Fleets (1900,view in the Library of Congress) and a four-minute British production that staged the murder of a missionary by Boxers called Attack on a China Mission (1900). This was followed by the invasion and takeover of Puerto Rico. On June 21 the Empress Dowager Cixi declared war on the Allied nations. There, membership in militant secret societies swelled, most prominently in the Yi He Quan (Society of the Righteous Fist), a sect known to Westerners as the Boxers. Ricard, Serge. Anti-imperialists condemned this view and felt that it was racist and condescending toward people from other countries. Uncle Sam is to be Sacrificed: Anglophobia in Late Nineteenth-Century Politics and Culture.American Nineteenth Century History. Are our teachings, then, in vain? is the caption of a cartoon by Pucks Udo Keppler in which Confucius and Jesus Christ look down on the warring Boxers and missionaries. Le Royaume-Uni (United Kingdom) Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. The humanity of our soldiers is admirable and does not tire despite the ferocity of the Boers (Official Report to the War Office. ColumbiaMother! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, June 15, 1898. When the Chinese man raises his sword, it is labeled barbarism, but when the French soldier does precisely the same thing it is a necessary blow for civilization.. 4, pp. Kipling is referring to British colonization and the necessity of sending people to those colonized areas American Imperialism (New York: Arno Press, 1970). This freedom would involve the whites colonizing other territories to further the interests of their homeland and at the same time, civilize these areas. If you dont do it I shall have to. Udo Keppler,Puck, August 8, 1900. ), yesterday we took important commandos. This ca. Uncle Sam and John Bull, as fellow soldiers, survey the globe from a parapet. New Forces in Old China: An Inevitable Awakening(New York: F.H. Lifes satire of the white mans burden mystique offers a procession of the supporters of the new imperialism beginning with missionaries and ending with the traveling salesman. Hanna was a wealthy businessman with investments in coal and iron who financed McKinleys 1896 election campaign with record-breaking fundraising that led to the defeat of opponent William Jennings Bryan. While the European powers favored Spain in the Spanish-American War, for example, neutral Britain backed the U.S. During the 1898 Battle of Manila Bay, British ships quietly reenforced the untried U.S. navy by blocking a squadron of eight German ships positioned to take advantage of the situation. But just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that, in a little while, you will feel as glad to be here as they are!. The scene above turns the tables on theHarpers Weeklycover (above) and accuses foreign troops and missionaries of atrocities during the Boxer Uprising in China. In this French cartoon from a special issue titled, La Guerre (War), a missionary and a Red Cross representative lament the violent and un-Christian behavior of Westerners overseas. May 26, 2022. Civilization and progress are inseparable, a train and telegraph drawn in her robes. "'The White Man's Burden' and Its Critics" Jim Zwick is an American Studies scholar and author of Confronting Imperialism: Essays on Mark Twain and the Anti-Imperialist League and Mark Twain's Weapons of Satire: Anti-Imperialist Writings on the Philippine-American War, as well as numerous book chapters and journal and magazine articles about the Anti-Imperialist The large Map of the United States and Neighboring Countries is dotted with U.S. flags marking newly-acquired territories. The Centre for Research on Globalization will not be responsible for any inaccurate or incorrect statement in this article. Many peasants vaguely suspected of being Boxers were executed. A pair of 1898 graphics offer before and after snapshots related to two major events. 8, No. Wasserstrom, Jeffrey. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1938). The turn of the century also witnessed emergence of articulate anti-imperialist voices worldwideand this movement had its own powerful wing of incisive graphic artists. wotever ll become of my ship-building monopoly, if that there Yankee is going to turn out boats like that right along? Louis Dalrymple,Puck, July 24, 1895. Geopolitics, Vol. 12, Issue 1, pp. A tiny female China peers at the scene from behind a wall. [Read Online]. Looming on the left, the Eastern Question refers to the long-standing British confrontation with Russia in the Balkans that would soon extend to conflict over Britains Cape to Cairo strategy in Africa. Uncle Sam is to be Sacrificed: Anglophobia in Late Nineteenth-Century Politics and Culture., Twain, Mark. The aggressive quest for new marketsChinas millions being the most covetedwas justified as part of the benevolent and inevitable spread of progress. From Tientsin to Peking with the Allied Forces. Indeed, the visual record was, in its unique way, more powerfulmore literally graphicthan words alone could ever be. China, shown gripping a schoolbook in the doorway, has not yet entered the scene. In the storm clouds on the left, the Eastern Question looms. Painting carried a portfolio inscribed Light. The poem The White Mans Burden was written by Rudyard Kipling partly as an appeal for the United States to intervene in the Philippines and transform the islands into Anthropomorphizing nations and concepts meant that in an 1899 cartoon captioned The White Mans Burden, the U.S., as Uncle Sam, could be shown trudging after Britains John Bull, his Anglo-Saxon partner, carrying non-white nationsdepicted in grotesque racist caricaturesuphill from the depths of barbarism to the heights of civilization. Maineexploded and sank in the harbor at Havana. Advance Agent of Modern Civilization: Religion & Empire. In 1901, occupation forces roamed the countryside to pillage, loot, and hunt for Boxers. Girls are part of the obedient older class studying books labeled California, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The only non-white student in the older group holds the book titled Alaska and is neatly coifed in contrast to the unruly new class made up of the Philippines, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Cuba. All are depicted as dark-skinned and childish. Original publication of Rudyard Kiplings poem, The White Mans Burden.McClures Magazine, February, 1899 (Vol. The "white man's burden" refers to the duty of Westerners to the rest of the world. History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth(New York: Columbia University Press, 1997). XII, No. Americas recent subjugated populations are savage, unruly, and rebelliousliterally visually half devil and half child, as Kipling would have it. Vol 172 (February 1901). nebraska teacher salary by district. The Philippines are diminished as Only the Stepping-Stone that enables the U.S. to reach the eagerly anticipated China market. The Boer War Remembered.The Journal of Historical Review, Vol. Brewer, Susan. The U.S. is newly victorious in 1898 naval victories over the Spanish at Manila and Santiago de Cuba. In the final years of the Civil War, U.S. naval power was second only to the great seafaring empire of Great Britain. Historical perspective. To the Person Sitting in Darkness.. Klein, Thoralf. Although Wilhelm II was famous for introducing the concept of a yellow peril, Germanys major colonial possessions were in Africa. The title of the cartoon calls attention to the barbarous uses of much modern technology and so-called progress., les prisonniers bors ont t runis en de grands enclos o depuis 18 mois ils trouvent le repos et le calme. SHARE. Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. In this rendering, progresseconomic, technological, and culturalis spread through global military aggression. In the civilization narrative, barbarians were commonly identified as the non-Western, non-white, non-Christian natives of the less-developed nations of the world. 203228. His biblical title, which came from Matthew 4:16 (The people who sat in darkness have seen a great light), picked up on many pro-imperialist themes of the times. Think It Over: All this for politicsis civilization advancing?. [Read Online]. Daggett, Aaron Simon. Penguin Press. and Distributor, 2004). T he two main themes in The White Mans Burden are the duty and altruism of colonization, and the challenge of colonization. The test of U.S. naval power came with the Spanish-American War. It ought to be a Happy New Year, the caption reads. British armies had difficulty stopping mounted Boer commandos spread out over large areas of open terrain. The following year,Lifecartoonist William H. Walker evoked the horror of the Allied intervention in China in a graphic captioned, Almost thou persuadest me to be a ChristianActs xxvi, 28. A Chinese man falls off his chair, the Bible at his feet, laughing at Uncle Sams duplicity in preaching Christianity while showing a bloody panorama of Allied soldiers executing and marauding on a screen. Wasserstrom, Jeffrey. The black-and-white drawing by William H. Walker captured the harsh reality behind the ideal of benevolent assimilation, depicting imperialists Uncle Sam, John Bull, Kaiser Wilhelm, and, coming into view, a figure that probably represents France, as burdens carried by vanquished non-white peoples. In the background, the artist placed a large portrait of a large man, Marcus Hanna, next to a miniature of President William McKinley to show their relative influence on policy. Turning to China, his stinging indictment extended beyond the two Anglo powers to target the Kaisers Germany plus Tsarist Russia and France. 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